Post-Independence India
Under the provisions of this Act, two nations of India, the Union of India and the Union of Pakistan, came into existence. Two main questions arose before the country:
After independence, the first Maharaja of Bhavnagar, Krishna Kumar Singh, inaugurated "Responsible Government" in Bhavnagar (January 15, 1948).
After gaining independence, the then Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel appealed to the native kings to ensure that the people under their rule
He awakened patriotism among the kings. With practical wisdom, he started the process of merging almost all the Indian states into India. He asked the princely states to cooperate in laying the foundation of a strong, united and prosperous India. Sardar Patel also assured the protection of their rights and interests. Menon, the draft of the "Jodankhat" and "Jaise The Pakhar" were prepared. A joint committee of the concerned ministers and kings gave it its final form. The kings were satisfied with this draft.
Connection of Hyderabad, Junagadh and Kashmir
Hyderabad: The Nizam of Hyderabad state in South India declared his state independent on August 15. Considering its geographical situation, it should join India. It was pointed out to him that since it was surrounded by the territories of the Indian Union on all sides, it would not be able to survive. Because of this, he would prefer to remain independent.
Negotiations were started to convince the Nizam, and Sardar Patel clearly told the Nizam's negotiators that it was in everyone's interest for the people of Hyderabad to join the Indian Union. The Nizam surrendered. The Nizam was assured of protection of his interests, in which Kanaiyalal Munshi played an important role. Later, in the reorganization of states (1956), Hyderabad state was included in Andhra Pradesh.
Junagadh: Junagadh is located in Saurashtra.Pakistan also gave its approval. In Mumbai, the citizens of Junagadh established a “Demand Government” to join Junagadh to the Indian Union. Almost all the states and people of Saurashtra opposed the Nawab’s accession to Pakistan. The Nawab’s rulers The people of Junagadh began to be harassed.
When Mangrol and Manavadar declared their desire to join India, the Indian army and navy, which were deployed to protect them, laid siege to Junagadh. The Nawab of Junagadh went to Pakistan and India took possession of Junagadh (November 9, 1947). Then a plebiscite was held in which an overwhelming majority voted in favor of joining India. Thus, through the stratagem of Sardar Patel and the immense will of the citizens of Junagadh, Junagadh was incorporated into the Indian Union.
During this time, Pakistan invaded Kashmir to annex Kashmir. Due to the invasion, atrocities, and looting, King Hari Singh sought military help from India, but he did not sign the instrument of accession. Therefore, he was asked by India to sign it.The Indian army immediately went to Kashmir and protected it, but during that time, Pakistan occupied a third of Kashmir.
India complained against Pakistan in the United Nations Security Council. The Security Council called for a ceasefire. Even today, Pakistan controls some parts of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, but that region is legally part of India. That fact is undeniable and it is still a burning issue in the relations between India and Pakistan. Thus, before the end of 1948, political unity was achieved in India and a historic non-violent revolution took place.
By January 26, 1950, the Indian princely states had been integrated into the Indian Union; but the remaining territories, due to European imperialism, were under the control of the French and Portuguese. After India gained independence, it requested the governments of France and Portugal to hand over the Indian territories under their control to India.
At the time of India's independence, the people of the territories under the French rule had a strong desire to merge with the Indian Union. Therefore, they fought for independence. The French and Portuguese authorities tried to crush the struggle. Seeing this attitude of the French, the people held a huge meeting in Puducherry and announced to the French government to "Quit India" (1948). Negotiations for a peaceful settlement continued between France and India until 1950. In Yanam, the people formed the Mukti Sena in 1954 and took over its administration.
France, recognizing the mood of the people and the strong desire to join the Indian Union (October 13, 1954) and the time, agreed to hand over the possession of the institutions to India to make the negotiations meaningful. The French government handed over five of its institutions, Puducherry (Pondicherry), Karaikal, Chandranagar, Mahe and Yanam, to India. The Government of India took over the administration of these regions and granted them the status of Union Territory, which is currently in effect.
Merger of Goa, Diu, Daman: From 15th August 1947, several political parties and Satyagrahi groups in Goa, Diu and Damanentered. In which the Satyagrahis became martyrs in the "Goa Liberation Movement" due to the atrocities committed by the government there. The atrocities of the Portuguese authorities increased, due to which the situation in Goa became explosive. Finally, the Indian government launched "Operation Vijay" under the leadership of General Chaudhary and the Indian military forces entered Goa, Diu and Daman (December 18, 1961).
The Portuguese military units retreated. The local people cooperated with the Indian army, welcomed it and the Portuguese Governor of Goa, General De Silva, surrendered on the night of December 19. Thus, the Portuguese rule in Goa, Diu and Daman came to an end and the Indian tricolor was hoisted and Western imperialism came to an end from the soil of India. This The territories were given the status of "Union Territory of India". The headquarters of Dadra and Nagar Haveli is Silvassa and the headquarters of Daman and Diu is Daman. The headquarters of Goa is Panaji.
Creation of new states
India became independent, information was obtained about the unification of the native states and princely states. India adopted the federal system, so the need arose to form and reorganize the states that were components of the union. With the unification of the former British provinces and princely states, the states were divided into four categories, which are as follows:
(A) Class states included – Bombay, Assam, Andhra, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madras, Orissa and West Bengal.
(B) Class states included eight states – Jammu and Kashmir, Hyderabad, Mysore, Madhya Bharat, Rajasthan, Saurashtra, Travancore-Cochin and PEPS (Patiala and East Punjab States Union).
(C) Class states included a total of ten states – Ajmer, Bhopal, Coorg, Delhi, Bilaspur, Kutch, Himachal Pradesh, Tripura, Manipur and Vindhya Pradesh.
All these states were an integral part of the Indian Union. The status of these four types of states was not the same.
When the Indian Constitution came into force in 1950, there were four types of states as mentioned above; but this system was temporary. It was not permanent. Therefore, in 1953, Jawaharlal Nehru announced the appointment of a “State Reorganization Commission” in Parliament, in which former Supreme Court Justice Fazl Ali (Chairman) and two other members were Hridaynath Kunzru and K. M. Panicker were appointed.
The State Reorganization Commission received various public opinions, views, representations, visits and suggestions from the public through correspondence from all over the country and made recommendations. In addition, it was decided to form a bilingual state of Mumbai, which would consist of Maharashtra, Gujarat and Saurashtra regions and its capital would be Mumbai. The bill with all these recommendations was approved in the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha and was made an act in 1956 with the assent of the President.
Thus, the old A, B, K and D types of states were abolished and the First Schedule of the Constitution of India was amended and replaced by two categories of constituent states and union territories. The 14 new constituent states that were formed were Andhra, Assam, Orissa, Karnataka, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, West Bengal, Punjab, Madras, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Mumbai and Rajasthan. The five union territories that were formed were Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Tripura, Lakshadweep Islands.
Finally, the central government was forced to pass the Mumbai Reorganization Act in 1960. It was ratified on 25th April 1960 and Mumbai was decided as the capital of Maharashtra state. The new state of Gujarat including Saurashtra and Kutch came into existence on 1st May 1960. This day is celebrated as the Foundation Day of Gujarat.
The seven states of Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, and Nagaland were formed into states known as the Seven Sisters.
The demand for the formation of small separate states from the big states continued continuously. Finally, in 2000, three states were formed from Bihar: Jharkhand (capital – Ranchi), Chhattisgarh (capital – Raipur) from Madhya Pradesh, and Uttarakhand (capital – Dehradun) from Uttar Pradesh. In 2014, Telangana was formed as a separate state from Andhra Pradesh. The demand for the reorganization of the states is still ongoing. This includes the demand for a separate Vidarbha state from Maharashtra.
At present, the Indian Union comprises Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Goa, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Rajasthan, Odisha, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim, Tripura, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Jharkhand. In addition, there are Union Territories of Chandigarh, Puducherry, Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Daman, Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Thus, the Indian Union comprises 28 States, the State of Delhi, 1 National Capital Territory, and 7 Union Territories.
The seven states of Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, and Nagaland were formed into states known as the Seven Sisters.
The demand for the formation of small separate states from the big states continued continuously. Finally, in 2000, three states were formed from Bihar: Jharkhand (capital – Ranchi), Chhattisgarh (capital – Raipur) from Madhya Pradesh, and Uttarakhand (capital – Dehradun) from Uttar Pradesh.
Regionalism
The diversity in the country is rarely seen in any other country. When people live in a particular geographical area for a long time, an emotional feeling of belonging arises in them. As language, religion, customs, lifestyle, historical traditions, etc. come together, the intimacy and feeling of people living in the same area towards each other becomes stronger. Cultural development is not the result of the efforts of any particular caste or people but it is the combined result of the collective efforts and achievements of the people there.
To encourage regionalism or increase its prevalence, some leaders, leaders, some turbulent elements work to stir up the emotions of the people.It is a good thing for an individual to have ambition to achieve development; it is necessary to provide inspiration to achieve it. One should not harm another person. With such a feeling, the development of the region cannot be all-round. Moreover, if it takes a violent form, it brings evil. One should not do things that harm one's region and nation. It is necessary to look after the interest of the entire country. After independence is achieved in the country, the position of the nation should be higher than that of the region.
There was a kind of integration of foreign peoples and their cultural values in Indian society, but at the same time, all those peoples, by settling in the regions and staying there, developed a kind of attachment for the land there, which we call the feeling of regionalism. The emergence of such a feeling or sentiment was the result of a long-term process. Over time, narrowness started to develop in the feeling of regionalism. Language, caste and religion can be considered important three factors for the emergence and development of regionalism.
Language: Linguistics has given rise to regionalism. The demand for regionalism in North India is intensified by Hindi speaking and South India is non-Hindi speaking. The intensity of regionalism in India was seen after the implementation of the Act, which was framed with some changes as per the recommendations of the Commission (States Re-Organization Commission) formed to reorganize the states on the basis of language in the country.
Religion and Caste: People of different religions live in India. In some states, the majority of the people of a single community live by following their own religion. For example, Nagaland, Mizoram, Manipur, Meghalaya, Arunachal etc. There is diversity in their customs, traditions, lifestyle, profession. In Assam, the people of the Bodo caste are waging a fierce movement for their own separate region. ULFA extremists are also active there. Due to regionalism, Punjab and Haryana were divided.
In this way, small states like Jharkhand have been formed from the state of Bihar, Chhattisgarh from Madhya Pradesh and Uttarakhand from Uttar Pradesh. Currently, there is also a demand to form a separate Vidarbha state from Maharashtra. Thus, it is not in the interest of the country for a majority of people in the same region and speaking the same language to demand a separate state for themselves, develop their regions and wage agitations to get benefits.
The Constitution of India declares India to be a sovereign, socialist, secular democratic republic. While reorganizing the states, decisions should be taken considering the national unity of the entire country rather than regional sentiments.
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